Sanger sequencing, also known as the dideoxy chain-termination method, is one of the cornerstone techniques for determining the exact nucleotide sequence of DNA. Introduced by Frederick Sanger and co-workers in 1977, it has been an important tool for genetic research, especially for determining entire genomes, such as in the Human […]

Monoclonal antibodies revolutionized medicine by introducing a range of targeted therapies against malignant diseases, autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and many others. They are engineered from a single clone of cells to bind to antigens with very high precision. This article presents the underlying science behind monoclonal antibodies, including their applications, […]