1

The biosafety levels determine the measures used to protect the workers, a necessary laboratory requirement. To achieve suitable biosafety and biocontainment, a variety of tools, procedures, and laboratory design elements can be combined. These are established by biological risk analyses that are carried out, especially for each experimental technique. By biosafety […]

Restriction fragment length polymorphism markers were the first DNA-based genetic markers developed. The size of eukaryotic genomes hindered a simple identification of genetic variations in specific genes or sequences. The capability of complementary base pairing to reveal polymorphisms in sequences homologous to the probe enabled the development of methods to […]

Immunoglobulins The glycoproteins produced by B-lymphocytes effector cells or plasma cells against specific antigens are known as Immunoglobulins or Antibodies. Antibodies are made up of multiple immunoglobulin domains that are composed of a polypeptide chain that folds into a series of antiparallel β-pleated strands and these strands are arranged into […]

The study of stem cells has produced more enthusiasm and promise than any other discovery in the field of regenerative medicine. The amazing capacity of stem cells to differentiate into multiple cell types within the body makes them essential for healing and replacing harmed or sick tissues. In this article, […]

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, commonly known as ELISA or EIA, a technique that depends on an enzyme. Both antigens as well as antibody can be detected by conjugating an enzyme with an antibody that reacts with a colourless substrate but generate a colour reaction. The colourless substrate that generates colour upon […]

Mitochondria is an inevitable cell organelle necessary for survival. They are the primary source for the development of the majority of the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) which acts as the frontline form of energy in the body and involves cellular respiration.  Mitochondria are always referred to as the powerhouse of cells. […]